I Wish I Was A Little Bit Smarter! I Wish I Was A Scholar!

The structure of classes at the University for Peace is not exactly what I was anticipating. We have a single class for a few weeks at a time and then move on to another class. I kind of like it because I can focus everything I've got into one class at a time and then move on to something new. Thing is, it's quite intense! I've never read so much in my life!

Our first class, Foundations in Peace and Conflict Studies, finally finished last week! It was neat because for the first part of the day, all students were together for a lecture. Hearing different perspectives from people representing different cultures and backgrounds was incredibly interesting. The student diversity at UPeace is something truly amazing and it enriches everyone's experience.The second part of the day was spent in smaller groups where we had discussions over the lecture and the readings. During this course, as the title suggests, we studied concepts and theories of peace and conflict. We reviewed case studies over particular conflicts, analyzing all the various components of the conflicts, and then discussed potential solutions.

It was a pretty interesting course, however, my lack of background in this particular subject made the entire thing incredibly challenging!

In between classes was a 4 day break/weekend. To celebrate completion of our first class, some friends and I headed out to an island and then a volcano for some intense travel days of relaxation!Islita Cedros (Little Cedar Island) was an 8 hour trip away from where I live via two buses and two boats. It's a tiny island without cars or even roads. We hung out for two nights with some local folks that Becca knows.After the island we made our way to the town of La Fortuna, which sits at the base of Arenal - an active volcano. Two boats, two buses, and 10 hours of travel finally put us there. We wasted no time and hired a guide to take us to some hot springs. It was late at night, and the tourist host springs had all closed. Our guide took us to some hot river in the middle of the forest. It was awesome! The water was somewhere around 100 degrees and we hung out in it for three wonderful hours!Had to leave in the morning... We only needed two buses and seven hours to get home. Just in time to do my reading for school the next day, and then go to bed.

The class I'm taking now is Forests, Forestry, and Poverty. It's starting out great! So sorry for all the emails to which I haven't responded. Along with my struggle to keep up with school work, I equally struggle with keeping up with emails. More to come! XOXO!

I've started another online photo album of my activities in Costa Rica. If you want to see more images that go along with these stories, check out this address: http://picasaweb.google.com/00Judkins/CostaRicaUniversityForPeace!

UPeace - Save the Water!

The school has done a fine job in scaring me with punishments over plagiarism. In fact, for fear of being caught plagiarizing my self, I'm posting my essays as "rough drafts" from now on, to which I welcome your critiquing on my amazing grammar skills and word choices!

Save the Water

Andrew Judkins – NRP
Foundations in Peace and Conflict Studies
Key Challenges to Peace
September 14, 2008

A flood of tensions and tempers has been flowing over the last few years on the Columbia Plateau of Washington State. Stakeholders in the conflict over water usage and management are at odds over legal water rights and morale water dilemmas. The Columbia Basin Project redistributed the waters of the Columbia River to be used for irrigation over thousands of miles of main canals, laterals, drains and wasteways. There is now an increasing human population, with increased water demands, which is not soaking up enough justification for water usage when contrasted with decimated salmon populations.

The Columbia Basin Project, usually mentioned synonymously with the capstone components of Grand Coulee Dam and Roosevelt Lake, actually consists of several dams, reservoirs, and canals. A total of 331 miles of main canals carry water siphoned off the Columbia River, stored in reservoirs, pumped and diverted onward via 1,339 miles of lateral canals; this massive diversion sprinkles the high desert with enough water to create an agricultural empire based in central and eastern Washington State. Currently just over 670,000 acres of land receive irrigation waters from the Columbia Basin Project, with nearly 1,100,000 acres classified as irrigable within its boundaries (Bloodworth & White, 2008).

The typical Pacific Northwest climate contains a 3-month summer drought, which puts a great strain on the water needs of Northwest farmers. The farmers end up wanting more water than their water rights entitle them. Their demand for water puts a heavy burden on the water flow of the river. Less water in the river means an altered hydrology, which impacts the river ecology. It’s the river ecology that the anadramous salmon depend on to complete their life cycle and fulfill their niche in the greater ecological perspective.

Peak flow of the upper Columbia River usually occurs in mid-June, and water releases are made from dams in July and August to ensure adequate water in the lower Columbia River to enhance fish migration (United States Bureau of Reclamation, n.d.). However, these are the dry months that the farmers need increased water loads for irrigation. This is a region accustomed to 6 to 10 inches of annual rainfall, and it is receiving 40 to 50 inches of excess irrigation water (Bloodworth & White, 2008). This competition has the agriculture industry and farmers pitted against local tribes, fishermen and the fishing industry, as well as environmentalists.

The key challenges to peace in this water fight are pretty cut and dry. On one hand, there is a $3.1 billion a year agricultural economy that depends on irrigation water to flow from the Columbia River (The Columbia Basin Bulletin, 2008). On the other hand, there are environmentalists who keep emphasizing the need for increased protection of 26 species of salmon and steelhead that are already listed on the Endangered Species Act (Doussard, 2007).

Which is the more important natural resource? Is it the water that is responsible for an agricultural economy, hydroelectric power, and a watering source for countless species?
Or is it the salmon, which support centuries old cultures and traditions, provide a fundamental nutrient source for riparian areas, as well as sustains industry in the forms sport and commercial fishing in addition to being a crucial element of the river ecosystem? Asking the question, salmon or water, is a very extreme course of action and will not lead to a solution over this clash of ideologies.

It is evident that this issue is an environmental security issue. Increased fresh water scarcity is an obvious problem that Rolain Borel (2008) classifies as an invisible disaster. It produces conditions for human vulnerability as is clearly seen here as a major challenge to peace.

What if a better attempt was made to think outside the box was employed to end this water dilemma? Can we use Capra’s (1982) Turning Point to solve the scarcity of water issue? In his theory we can see that everything is interconnected and that a simple solution most likely doesn’t exist based on this complexity. He also states that all problems are fragments of one single crisis: a crisis of perception. Is it possible that a balance could exist between commercial fishermen and salmon supporters? Is it possible that we’re just looking at this conflict from a flawed perspective? Perhaps the mechanical thinking that leads us to this conflict with two opposing sides is extremely inadequate. Perhaps this shortcoming could be remedied with a bit of organic thinking. Considering all points of interconnectedness should influence possibilities that work toward breaking down the dams of challenge on the river of peace.

Delving further into these challenges to peace leads us to Quantum Theory and Quantum Peace. The interconnectedness of the world implies that although there is conflict over water between two opposing sides, it’s the relationships involved that can also make peace. The key challenges of this issue, when approached from a holistic point of view, seem solvable (Fontan, 2008). One example in action of this is recent Washington State legislation aimed at satisfying these quarrelling parties. The city of Kennewick received more than $1 million this year to explore ways to capture water during the winter and store it in an underground aquifer, then reuse the water during the summer months. At least one-third of any stored water would be used to support stream flows for fish migration and spawning (The Columbia Basin Bulletin, 2008).

Beyond the concept of Quantum Theory is Systems theory, which shows us that based on the principle of interdependence each system depends on the other for life (Fontan, 2008). This is a core challenge in achieving peace from this conflict. The river is clearly the base on which the conflict floats. The salmon supporters’ argument is based on the river. The farmers’ argument is based on the river. But how do they depend on each other? Both contribute to local economies – There is the sport and commercial fishing industry as well as the agricultural industry. One surviving without the other will not stabilize the economy. In fact, it would destabilize it. Combined, in this sense, it is crucial that they both continue and prosper in order for economic security.

If both points of view are valid, and satisfying both sides of the conflict would lead to a benefited human population as well as a happy population of salmon, why can’t we seem to find a solution? Perhaps we’re focusing too much on the demands of each particular party without focusing on a means that would allow both parties to flourish. What methods, then, should be employed to work towards a satisfactory goal in which farmers and salmon supports can both feel secure in having accomplished some kind of victory? Not a victory over the other side, but a victory that solves the conflict and allows each side to be independently pleased with a solution.

Using C.R. Mitchell’s model (2008) for types of solutions to conflicts, we can begin to analyze possible options to conclude this conflict that has continued to flow. Solutions of Separation are ineffective. Separating the two quarrelling sides doesn’t satisfy either of them. There may be slightly more water allocated for farmers by telling the salmon supporters to go jump in a lake. And it’s conceivable that there may be additional salmon in the river by telling farmers to go fly a kite. But isolating these two sides of the conflict isn’t a reasonable solution for the river communities.

Solutions of Compensation could be a possibility. If both conflicting parties were to make concessions and still meet their bottom lines, potential peace could flow instead of conflict. But how could this be achieved? Are these stakeholders capable of extending an olive branch in order to secure a solution? Can farmers increase the efficiency with which they reclaim and use the water in order to consume less of it? What exactly is the minimum amount of water needed in the Columbia River to ensure a healthy salmon migration? The possibility of a solution under the realms of compensation seems unlikely when the terms of the solution are reasonably and economically unavailable and immeasurable with today’s technology.

Solutions of Division offer another possible way out. Can a compromise be reached between farmers and salmon supporters? Is there a way to divide time and usage of the Columbia River? Alternating years, perhaps – One year the farmers get the water they need and a generation of salmon suffers. Though, it’s difficult to predict the impact that would have on the entire salmon population. The next year, salmon would prosper while farmers lose crops to the summer drought. This loss could potentially be governmentally subsidized, or even subsidized by taxes to the fishing industry. Some may consider this solution as a way out of tensions and tempers, but the solution does not really generate a real solid foundation towards a future peace.

Solutions of Distribution/Disbursement are not quite applicable in this situation as it deals more with the breakdown of power in a political conflict. Neither party in the river/salmon conflict has or should have more power than the other.

Solutions of Creation offer an interesting school of opportunities to resolve conflicts. Can water from the Pacific Ocean be desalinized and used for irrigation? Can farmers select less water dependent crops – after all, irrigating the desert doesn’t seem like the wisest use of resources. Asking more in depth questions as to the source of the conflict, asking why each party wants something, could potentially illuminate a solution that satisfies the needs of both parties. Perhaps there are common goals that can be reached.

The absolute bottom line is that the Columbia River has been over manipulated by human hands to perpetuate our own development. This manipulation has meant progress in terms of the economy and human societal development. Unfortunately, it has also meant disaster in terms of salmon species and riparian area ecology. Undoing what has already been done is not a reasonable thing. It would mean the sacrifice of a booming economy and the way of life for nearly everyone in the Pacific Northwest. It’s simply not an option. Can the impact that has already been made, be further modified and manipulated towards conditions that appear a bit more natural? Is it possible, through human ingenuity and resolve, to engineer a system that has the capacity to satisfy the water needs of the agricultural industry and still meet the water needs of salmon? A positive answer to that question will directly lead to a positive solution to this conflict. Better water management is key to providing this answer.

The comprehensive irrigation district management draft plan for the South Naches district, being developed with farmers and agencies by the Bellevue office of Jones & Stokes, proposes a variety of significant changes to the way the district manages water to minimize the adverse impacts on salmon. This includes improving a 90-year-old structure that diverts water from the river, installing a pressurized irrigation distribution system in some places, removing a dysfunctional fish screen, and developing alternatives to using herbicides to manage aquatic weeds that choke the system in the summer months (Earle, 2005).

For the majority of the region, however, this conflict remains as stagnant as the water behind all the many dams of the Columbia River. Communities and stakeholders continue to wait for an all-encompassing solution to get things flowing on the river of peace.
Bibliography

Bloodworth, G. & White, J. (2008). The Columbia Basin Project: Seventy-Five Years Later. White Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 70, 98-105.

Borel, Rolain (2008, September 02). Environmental Security. Presented at University for Peace.

Doussard, Robin. (2007 August 1). The Fight for Water. Oregon Business Magazine

Earle, Christopher. (2005). Farmers, government team up to save fish. Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, Retrieved on September 11, 2008, from http://www.djc.com/news/en/11170266.html.

Fontan, Victoria. (2008 August 29). Quantum Peace. Presented at University for Peace.

Fritjof, Capra. (1982). The Turning Point. New York: Bantam Books.

Mitchell, C.R. (2008, September 11). From Violence to Positive Peace. Presented at University for Peace.

The Columbia Basin Bulletin. (2008). Landmark Agreement Could Open Up New Water Rights For E. Washington Irrigators. The Columbia Basin Bulletin, Retrieved on September 11, 2008, from http://www.cbbulletin.com/288968.aspx.

United States Bureau of Reclamation. (n.d.). Columbia Basin Project Washington. United States Bureau of Reclamation, Retrieved on September 11, 2008, from http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/columbia.html.

It's My Party and I'll Turn 30 if I Want To!

My birthday celebration started out with a super sweet email from the gals I worked with in Bulgaria. They created a Happy Birthday message for me that stole my heart! They're such sweethearts!It really made me miss Bulgaria and all the people I know there. Then I got selfish and started whining about not being with my friends and family for my 30th birthday. I started being a bit depressed that I'd be with a bunch of strangers to welcome in my 30s. But I was able to use my positivitiy skills to change my attitude! I tricked myself into believing that there's nothing like celebrating your special day with a bunch of people you just met! Actually, the folks with whom I'm studying down here have really impressed me. They're a good group with lots to offer. And they're super smart! And they come from everywhere! There are 161 students from 42 different countries! And they managed to make me smile for the entire day!

At the moment, a friend is staying with me until she can find her own place. I met Becca six years ago in Switzerland. We've stayed in touch since then and have now ended up at the same grad school! She took note of me wearing my new white t-shirt, which was a gift, and devised a diabolical plan!

In the mornings, before school starts, the students hang out at this outdoor, covered cafeteria. We were sitting around chatting and Becca came up to me with a handful of pens. I asked what they were for and she told me that I'd find out. Then she took my chair away from me, stood on it, and announced to everyone that it was my 30th birthday and that I'll be carrying these damn pens around all day so that people could come up to me and write happy birthday on my new white t-shirt.

Well, it didn't take long at all for me to be surrounded by a bunch of kids writing all over me. In no time, I was covered in all kinds of colors and languages. It was a pretty cool feeling. That Becca... She's made it onto my sweetheart list, too.So the day went by, and people signed all over me. I heard a lot of, "No way, you're not 30! Wow!” which made me feel nice, I guess. It wasn't about the age, I figure, they were just telling me that I'm still pretty. I explained that it was my superior genetics that allow me to look so beautiful. Of course, at the time that explanation sounded more like, "Thanks!” You know... on account of language barriers and whatnot.

That night, some of the folks in my program let me come over to their house and make them margaritas from scratch. We spent the night singing, dancing, watching Obama's acceptance speech, and other things I apparently don't remember. It was just like a 30th birthday should be!If anyone is dying to send me a birthday card, postcard, or a big ole salami, here is my mailing address:

Andrew Judkins
Department of Academic Administration
University for Peace
P.O. Box 138-6100
San José, Costa Rica
Central America

If you're sending something my way - Thanks! Just don't use courier companies such as DHL or FEDEX! The package will incur extra taxes and fees...

UPeace - Save the Salmon!

Well, here is a copy of my first grad school assignment. It was a conflict mapping assignment and I chose a conflict close to home. I've decided to post my essays here in addition to my better stories because I know you're dying to read anything I write. I'll specify in the title with "UPeace" when I do this so you don't get stuck reading my homework if you're not into higher thinking. I won't feel bad if you skip these blogs.

Save the Salmon

Andrew Judkins – NRP
Foundations in Peace and Conflict Studies
Conflict Mapping
September 3, 2008

The declining salmon population has spawned a conflict between sport fishermen and sea lions in the rivers and on the west coast of the United States. For this essay, we’ll look at the conflict happening at the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River.

Salmon swim from the ocean, upstream towards their place of birth to procreate. It is estimated that the numbers of these anadromous fish were around 16 million before 1550. (General Accounting Office Washington DC, 2002) Not all salmon made the complete journey to their place of origin. Predators feast upon them as their numbers were many, and their health benefits were great.

Unfortunately, around the turn of the 20th century, the salmon run began to dwindle. First, commercial operations over fished the salmon population (Oregon Public Broadcasting, n.d.) and later hydroelectric dams were built. (Northwest Power and Conservation Council, n.d.) At Bonneville Dam there is a fish ladder that is designed to help salmon pass by jumping from pool to pool. However, as the fish ladder is obviously smaller than the Columbia River, there is a bottlenecking of sorts in the salmon traffic. This results in large numbers of salmon waiting at the base of dam for a chance to continue upstream. (O’Connor, 2008)

Their brief sedentary period provides prime fishing opportunities for local sport fishermen, or anglers, who immensely enjoy fishing. All were happy until recent years when about 100 sea lions decided to leave their natural habitat and make the 150-mile journey from the ocean to the dam for an all-you-can-eat salmon buffet. (Espenson, 2003)

Fishermen are under strict limitations as to how many salmon they can take per day and per season, but the sea lions are obviously not bound by any of man’s laws. Each adult California sea lion typically eats 5 to 7 salmon a day. (Stiffler, 2008) But it’s their methods, not necessarily the quantity that escalates the conflict. The easiest fish for a sea lion to catch is one that’s already been caught.

Sea lions lay in wait while they watch the anglers go after their prize. Once a salmon is hooked, the anglers make obvious motions in order to secure the success of landing that fish. This alerts the sea lion that their next meal is ready. Before the fisherman is able to reel in the salmon, the sea lion manages to locate it on the end of the line, and steal it. All that’s left is the fishermen’s fury.

The conflict between fishermen and sea lions is the result of underlying causes, which are yet to be resolved. Breaking down this conflict according to the CR SIPABIO model of analysis (Abdalla, 2002) identifies the factors at play in order to get a better idea of how to proceed toward a resolution.

The dam at Bonneville, on the Columbia River, is a very specific ecosystem that has been altered for the benefit of human societal development. A hydroelectric dam, an unnatural construct, has been placed on the migration route of salmon. It is like a barrier to the fish that is only conquered by the salmon that are able to figure out the man-made fish ladder.

Salmon use their sense of smell to navigate the geography of Columbia River in order to locate their particular birthing location, or contributing stream from which they came. (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, n.d.) Fishermen use their knowledge of the river and area to find the spots that offer the best chance at landing a salmon. Sea lions left their saltwater habitat and made a tremendous journey to a new location to partake in a salmon feast. These aspects of the geographical factor contribute to the equivalent of “the right place at the right time” for a conflict.

On a cultural level, sport fishing in the Columbia River and its tributaries has been popular since the era of the first Euro-American settlement of the Northwest. (Northwest Power and Conservation Council, n.d.) Sport fishermen in the United States take this tradition very seriously, spending 44.5 billion dollars a year for fishing trips, equipment, licenses, stamps, tags, land leasing and ownership, membership dues and contributions, and magazines. (Dean, 2007)

We can also identify class as a contextual factor when considering the laws involved. Fishermen are stereotypically working class men who use the weekend to relax by going fishing. The law that affects them in this case is the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which states that these particular species of sea lion (California and Steller) are protected under the law. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1972) This means that fishermen are legally without options in what they see as an unfair competition for fish. When portrayed in the media, the blue-collar working class stands together and supports one another in the mentality that this is an unfair law – and being an unfair law, shouldn’t necessarily be followed. This can be seen in television interviews of local fishermen, grinning ear to ear in satisfaction at the idea that someone had recently illegally shot and killed six sea lions near the dam. (Gregoriancant, 2008)

The historical significance of salmon in this region is huge. These fish are worshiped by the indigenous tribes who have relied on salmon runs for centuries. Sport fishermen have also enjoyed the thrill of the catch for many years. In 1877, a U.S. Army lieutenant wrote about fishing for trout: “Caught 400 (cutthroat) trout, weighing two to five pounds apiece. As fast as we dropped in a hook baited with a grasshopper, we would catch a big trout. In fact, the greatest part of the work was catching the grasshopper.” (Northwest Power and Conservation Council, n.d.)

When identifying the relationship factors in this equation, we can see a bit more clearly the complexity of the event. Bonds identify the connection between sea lions and salmon. That is there is a predator prey relationship. The connection between fishermen and salmon could also be a predator prey relationship; except that anglers don’t rely on salmon for sustenance, as do the sea lions.

The conflict arises from the connection between fishermen and sea lions. This is a competition relationship that is illustrated by a breakdown of the power involved. Fishermen obviously have power over sea lions. We can see this easily by the sea lion shootings. However, sea lions have power in an indirect sense, as they are protected by the power of law. The patters that develop to escalate the conflict are that fishermen are shooting sea lions. This may stop an individual sea lion, but it doesn’t solve the conflict.

Taking a closer look still, we can see that the real source of this conflict is a depleted supply of salmon. The last 25 years of monitoring shows salmon numbers down 96% from what they once were. (General Accounting Office Washington DC, 2002) The competition between fishermen and sea lion isn’t decimating the salmon population. But had the salmon population not declined with such intensity, perhaps the issues in this conflict would not be so relevant. These issues are, of course, 1) sea lions eating salmon off the end of the anglers’ fishing lines, and 2) anglers retaliating by shooting and killing sea lions.

The primary parties involved are the fishermen, the sea lions, and the salmon. The fishermen have a direct connection to the conflict in that they are losing out on something they want – the salmon. The sea lions are directly connected to the conflict, as they are stealing fish from the fishermen. Secondary parties are the families of the fishermen who wait for their beloved ones to return home, happy, with dinner. Conservationists are also considered a secondary party that endeavors for sea lion preservation by means of trapping and relocating. Commercial fishing operations and hydroelectric companies can be considered as tertiary parties because over fishing as well as natural habitat blockading are major contributors to the salmon population decline.

The conflict that comes about through the combination of these parties and each of their roles is one that creates tremendous negative feelings in the attitudes of the fishermen. The success that comes with landing a tasty salmon is just as delicious as the fish. If they are prevented from even remotely achieving this euphoria, ill tempers develop and their subsequent reactions ensue. In this conflict, some fishermen are behaving in a way that escalates the situation and brings in third parties. The third party in this case is law enforcement who upholds the law protecting sea lions. However if you look at this from the perspective of the sea lions, you see that they are simply trying to eat. Their feeling of hunger is more than adequately satisfied by the theft of salmon on a fishing line. But their behavior is having grave consequences. They’re being killed as they fill their bellies.

There are intervening actions taking place to reduce tensions between fishermen and sea lions. Law enforcement is responsible for making sure fishermen keep their cool and don’t kill any sea lions. Though, should they falter, law enforcement has the task of preparing the fishermen for judicial punishment. Conservationists play a role to aid in calming this dilemma. They have taken on the responsibility of setting traps in the Columbia River near the Bonneville Dam. The traps lure in sea lions and hold them until they can be relocated to zoos or sea parks. (San Antonio Express News, 2008)

There are also interventions happening to increase salmon populations. Fish farms are repopulating salmon numbers by breeding salmon in fisheries.

These interventions pretty much outline the current outcome of the conflict between fishermen and sea lions. Fishermen are breaking the law. Sea lions are being killed. Conservationists are trapping and relocating sea lions. And fisheries are breeding and repopulating salmon.

Do any of these interventions or outcomes resolve the issues? No. That is an easy statement to make because the issues of the conflict are still currently very apparent.

In May of this year, six sea lions were killed and presumed shot. This killing was thought not to be merely competition-based in that a fisherman was tired of these sea lions stealing his fish. These particular sea lions had all already been caught in traps set by conservationists. They were immobile and incapacitated. It was assumed that while they pondered the confines of their entrapment, unaware that they would soon be relocated, they were killed in a hate-based reaction. In fact, a few days later they were discovered to have died of heat exhaustion.

Assumptions were quick to fly because it was entirely possible that those sea lions were shot by an angry angler as has happened before. How then, should this conflict best be resolved? Should the Marine Mammal Protection Act be rewritten or amended so that this small minority of sea lions is eliminated from the equation? It could be an easy fix, but this action seems quite inhumane. However, authorities in Washington and Oregon have recently been granted federal authorization to capture or kill as many as 85 sea lions a year for five years at the base of the dam. (Associated Press, 2008)
Is it possible to improve conservationist efforts to trap and relocate the troublesome individual sea lions that unknowingly escalate fishermen’s tempers? Can they be dissuaded from swimming up the Columbia River in the first place? Methods designed to answer these questions are being researched and implemented. The problem is, they’re not having a desired affect with respect to the magnitude and urgency needed to resolve the issues.

None of these potential interventions can be considered a viable solution to the conflict. The source of the conflict that needs to be resolved is the dwindling salmon populations.

Why are salmon disappearing? It’s easy to say that commercial fisheries are over fishing the oceans and that’s what is causing only few salmon to remain. I could also make a case that hydroelectric dams impede salmon runs to a degree that it is significantly reducing their population. Fisheries are hard at work turning out great numbers of farmed salmon to be introduced into the river and ocean ecosystems. Is this a solution? No. This is a temporary Cartesian remedy. (Fontan 2008) Yes, it does increase the number of salmon, but these farmed salmon have been produced without the fundamental ecological concept of natural selection. (Darwin, 1859) This error introduces inferior individuals. These farmed salmon pass on their inferior genetics to wild salmon, further corrupting the natural salmon population. We need further analysis using ecological, organic, and system thinking to identify a holistic approach at determining a real solution.

The answer is in every aspect of the human impact not only on the salmon species, but on the ecosystems in which they live as well. In order to resolve this conflict we must fully analyze the processes of our lives that have any kind of connection to their existence. Understanding an ecological perspective, using Systems Theory (Fontan 2008), of the continuation of salmon existence allows us to model our lives in a way that preserves our own future. Preserving salmon equally as a resource and as an essential part of the environment will ensure enough dinner for fishermen and sea lions for many years to come. Or, as George W. Bush so eloquently put it in his 2000 campaign, “I know the human being and fish can coexist peacefully.”


Bibliography

Amr Abdalla, et al. (2002). Say Peace: Conflict Resolution Training Manual for Muslim Communities. Virginia, USA: The Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences.

Associated Press. (2008). Trapped Sea Lions Shot on Columbia River, Retrieved on September 2, 2008, from http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/05/05/sea.lions.salmon.ap/index.html.

Bush, George W. (2000). Bushisms Audio Gallery, Retrieved on September 2, 2008, from http://politicalhumor.about.com/library/blbushism-fish.htm.

Darwin, Charles. (1859). On the Origin of Species, Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-origin-of-species.

Dean, Jeff. (2007). Economic Impact Of Sportfishing. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Economic-Impact-Of-Sportfishing&id=835942.

Espenson, Barry. (2003). Columbia Basin Bulletin: More Sea Lions at Bonneville Dam Enjoying Salmon Cuisine, Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www.bluefish.org/sealion4.htm.

Fontan, Victoria. (2008 August 29). Quantum Peace: Exploring a New Paradigm for Peace-Building. University for Peace.

General Accounting Office Washington DC. (2002). Columbia River Basin Salmon and Steelhead: Federal Agencies' Recovery Responsibilities, Expenditures and Actions, Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA405755.

Gregoriancant. (2008). Associated Content: Killing Sea Lions in the Columbia River to Save Salmon: Humane Society Vs. Fishermen, Retrieved on September 2, 2008, from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/754297/killing_sea_lions_in_the_columbia_river.html.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (1972). The Marine Mammal Protection Act, Retrieved on September 2, 2008, from http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/laws/mmpa.pdf

Northwest Power and Conservation Council. (n.d.). Sport Fishing, Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www.nwcouncil.org/history/SportFishing.asp.

O’Connor, Anahad. (2008). The New York Times: Trapped Sea Lions Shot Dead in Oregon, Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/trapped-sea-lions-shot-dead-in-oregon/.

Oregon Public Broadcasting. (n.d.). History of Fishing in Oregon, Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www.opb.org/programs/oregonstory/fishing/timeline.html.

San Antonio Express News. (2008). SeaWorld Welcomes Salmon-Fat Sea Lions, Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/MYSA050608_SeaLionRescue_EN_3c997f0_html8647.html.

Stiffler, Lisa. (2008). Seattle Post-Intelligencer: Culling Sea Lions to Save Local Salmon, Retrieved on September 2, 2008, from http://blog.seattlepi.nwsource.com/environment/archives/134557.asp.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. (n.d.). Salmon and Steelhead Life Cycle and Habitat Information, Retrieved on September 2, 2008, from http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/spawningbed_protection/life_cycle.htm.

Feels Like the First Impression!

My few weeks home were AMAZING! It felt like the best vacation, ever! I tried my best to see everyone - and had loads of fun doing so! Sorry to those I wasn't able to visit. While home, I kinda found that I'd much rather be there than anywhere else. I've been away from home for three years - traveling, volunteering, learning. I've seen a lot, done a lot, and I've grown a lot. I've been to a lot of places, and realized my favorite of them all is home. And so with great reluctance, I boarded a plane to Vegas. And then another to Phoenix, where I slept in the airport for 11 hours before boarding my final flight to San Jose, Costa Rica for a year's worth of graduate school at the University for Peace. The things I'll put myself through to save a buck.

My first impressions of Costa Rica weren't so great. There was litter everywhere. Everywhere! I've come to determine that this is a good indicator of the type of mentality of the locals. Usually people who care about their community have a nice community. Another observation was that the air smelled like fried chicken. This, however, is a good indicator that the food should taste nice.

Of course, this was only the capital, San Jose. Usually the biggest cities don't entirely represent the rest of the population of the country. I couchsurfed my first night and was awake enough to have a mild conversation. I learned that the government owns/runs the cell phone and electrical industry. This creates problems, as demand is not met. I think this is due to infrastructure, but could also be due to a lazy government. And monopolies run rampant, such as insurance, and a bunch of others I can't remember on account of fatigue.

Found my new stomping grounds for the next year and sat and had a chat with my new landlord, Ed. He spoke pretty poorly of the local folks here. Oblivious, clueless, corrupt, thieves, and 'on the moon' were some of the personality descriptions he used. He instructed me not to drink the water and not to buy meat from the local grocer. He also said that if I go outside, I'll get mugged. Ed is a good old boy from San Diego and I figure he's probably been in Costa Rica for too long. So, I drank the water before going out for a walk to find the local grocer to buy some sausage. Cause that's how I roll.

I find the locals to not really be too friendly. That said, they're not unfriendly, either. Most of the smiles I hand out are returned, but none have been first offered to me. I've only been here a week though - I expect this observation to change a lot. I'm living in a bustling town of between 20,000 and 30,000 inhabitants called Ciudad Colon. A lot less litter on the streets here! Phew! The fried chicken smell is also gone. Now it just smells like a developing country. That is, the air is filled with the sounds and smells of low-level construction, unmuffled 2-cycle engines, and 30 to 40-year old diesel trucks. I have a small studio apartment in a 10-apartment complex that's filled with other expats, 90% from the U.S., and I'm the only student. Kinda gives a representation of how many foreigners there are in this country. My apartment is at N 9º 54.643' and W 84º 14.536' and sitting around 2800 ft above sea level. I probably won't stay in this apartment for more than my first month, as the guy in the apartment next to me snores from the moment he falls asleep to the moment he wakes up. The sound goes right though the wall. And the guy above me goes through coughing fits from 4am to 6am, every morning. I have some earplugs, which stop the sound of the snoring, but not of the coughing. Good news is, there are other options in this tiny town.The center of Ciudad Colon is constantly filled with people going to and fro. The town was built on a highway, so there is a healthy amount of traffic at all times throughout the day. It doesn't take much to escape the center, though. Rolling green hills are found close by, and in every direction. They are covered with lush vegetation consisting of flora and fauna that I've never seen before. It's a pretty place, but obvious things about it will end up getting to me: irresponsible development leading to leftover debris scattered about and intense erosion, foreigners owning half the country creating a separation as blatant as haves and have nots, as well as low/non-existing standards for environmental regulations as seen by the pollution coming from cars and trucks. Oh the developing world.

One of my hesitations in embarking on this grad school adventure is that I want a job. After my German Hippie Fiasco of 07, I decided that I want to pursue a path that leads to professional, positive, and effective societal development. Surrounding myself with uneducated hippies who try to teach the world about bongo drums, indigo children, and the benefits of marijuana probably isn't going to get me to where I want to be.

As I introduced myself to my new neighbor, Zach, I struck up a conversation with his guests. One guy, I think it was Zach's brother, was talking about cancer. Interesting.
"Your brain, like, sends signals and shit down to your body. If something happens in your past that's huge, your brain keeps sending these signals and that's how you get cancer and shit."
Hmmm... Not so interesting. But... Mildly entertaining in a bizarre, humorous sort of way so I gave him my attention.
"It's like, you know how when someone always thinks they're sick, and then their brain makes them sick? Same thing with cancer. Like when old, depressed people die and their healthy spouses die immediately after; like a year or two later. That's how that happens. It's your brain, man."

Hhhhh.... I'm hoping my fellow students have a bit more to offer on an intellectual level. Or really on any level - I'll not be too picky for fear of my brain starting to send signals and shit down to my body.

I've got high hopes for my time here. I'm trying to keep up on my running, but the terrain is intense! So many hills! And my one good lung hasn't adapted to the conditions yet. Including the weather - it's so humid here! And being that this is the rainy season, there is a two-hour deluge, complete with intense thunder and lightning, every afternoon. But every morning I wake up to beautiful blue skies and sunshine!

School starts in a week. I haven't met any other students yet - but I got here early so I could find a place to live. I'm only a year away from a masters degree! I'm also only a year away from my next vacation home! Woo hoo! I hope it's longer than three weeks this time!

University for Peace!

After the Peace Corps and Supercross08, I moved to Costa Rica where I had been accepted to graduate education at the United Nations University for Peace. It's a small school, only 165 students, but very diverse: students came from 60 different countries! There are 10 different masters degree programs, but the one in which I was enrolled was: Natural Resources and Peace.

Here are my stories from my year in Costa Rica:

First Impressions

My 30th Birthday!

The University & My First Break

Costa Rican Life

Forestry & Panama

Saving Turtles

Get Me Out Of This Country!

President Obama!

Crazy Costa Rica

Goodbye DIPS. Hello Costa Rica!

Vagina Monologues

Final Paper

The End!

I also have some amazing pictures of my time in grad school, located here

It's The Final Countdown!

As I look back and try to find the words to conclude my part of the Supercross08 project, I sit here speechless and dumbfounded at how to put my thoughts and memories in print. How can I sum up such a moving project? How can I close such a significant chapter of my life? How can I document how much this entire journey has meant to me? These questions leave me with a blank mind. I can't possibly put the experiences I've had into words. But like everything in my life that's brought me to this point - by heck, I'll try!

I'll start with the numbers because they're my favorite part. At the end of 201 days, my daily expenses average was $26.89! This number, in USD, includes every meal, snack, hostel, hotel, toilet, language lesson, admission, fee, visa, bribe, bus/train ticket, taxi, and four flights (Morocco to Tunisia, Tunisia to Egypt, Ukraine to Finland, and Latvia to Russia) since the start of our project! It doesn't include the flight to Europe at the beginning and the flight home at the end because I pulled a trick with those tickets. The average includes every last dime I spent on the project, because I record my expenses like a crazy man. Had the value of the dollar been a bit more stable, I really believe I could have managed the $25 per day average I was shooting for.

Supercross08 included 11 official projects in seven different countries, but it hardly stops there. I traveled through 17 countries on this trip and in each country, and in each situation, I sought an opportunity for culture exchange through dialogue. The Supercross08 mission and ideals have always been in the back of my head and seemed to come out continuously like an ever-flowing river with every person I met.

It wasn't all hippie happiness and idealism, though. To use my honesty skills completely, I had quite a few rough times on the road. Random encounters with drunk bums and other burdens on society would initiate unfortunate episodes of negative thought in my head. Bureaucratic red tape, cultural norms that were so different from my own, illogical and destructive community behavior, gender differences and religious dependence, being charged twice or more the local price because I'm white, and other encounters with discrimination took a great toll on my psyche.

It may have seemed like a holiday vacation at times to many of the people following my adventures, but it's not the easiest thing in the world to do the things I've done. I've missed my friends and family something awful and I wasn't always able to maintain my natural positive energy as much as I would have liked.

By no means did the tough times sour the entirety of my trip, though. My overall experience was hugely positive and enlightening. I made so many personal gains, it will be tough to find anything else in my life that will allow me to grow so much in such a short amount of time. If I had the opportunity to change anything about these last months, it would be to have created a possibility for Tim to remain on the project with me and see it out. We worked extremely well together and offered a synergy that the people with whom we met won't soon forget.

Quite early on, I recognized how powerful of a project Tim and I had undertaken. And we accomplished our mission with greatness! Tim and I each contributed such different skills that we created a team capable of intense, in-depth bridge building between cultures often at odds. Tim is a master at engaging an audience and maintaining their attention. And beyond that, he brought the ability to control a discussion to such a degree it was like watching someone squeeze the last little drop out of a lemon, extracting every last bit of information there was to offer. I complimented his skills with my own charm. I over calculated and over thought the tiniest of details in my attempt to make sure everything was perfect. Researching, developing, outlining, formatting, organizing and implementing occupied my mind, for long hours at a time, with each individual event. But it wasn't all about project development and implementation. On a very practical and real level, Tim and I did amazing things.

I touched people like I never thought I was capable of doing. I was moved by people, who I never expected to be moved by. I met people that impressed me so incredibly much, I feel like writing about it takes away from it's significance. My respect for youth organizations and their participants grew exponentially after encountering such brilliant and refreshing minds! The potential I saw was more than anything I could have ever expected! It was inspiring! It showed a true hope for humanity. So often we hear about conflict and war, fear and unknown. It makes us feel like the world is spinning out of control, falling down a bottomless pit of despair. Of course, it's not a bottomless pit if "The End of The World" has anything to say about it. I think that's a very real message portrayed in our world society. But after my experiences with such dynamic people, I find grand relief in the thought of the next generation taking the reigns.

There is still good in this world - I can feel it! I'm not ignorant to the fact that there is also extreme conflict and problems the likes of which are beyond help through simple dialogue. But I'm a subscriber to the ideal that if everyone opened their minds a bit and tried to respect other people simply because they're human, then the misunderstandings that lead to fear and the dark side of the force would be greatly reduced. Perhaps even to an insignificant level.

We can all start with something simple: A common thought we may have about a person from another culture is that something about them or something they do is 'weird' or 'strange'. We can't separate people in terms of 'weird' and 'normal'. We must change these words in our vocabularies and internal dialogues to 'different' AND we must have the capacity to understand that 'different' is not a separatory label. It's OK that not everyone on the planet is just like us. Joe isn't weird because he eats with sticks instead of a fork - he's different, and that's fine. Sally isn't strange because she covers her head when she goes outside - she's different, and she's not hurting anyone. Sam isn't stupid because he doesn't study world politics or geography - he has different priorities, and that's his choice. But at the end of the day, we all have to live on the same planet, together.

A simple opening of the mind to be aware of other peoples' rights to make choices for themselves; an attempt at noticing the common ground we all share; an effort to respect someone different even though we may not understand them. These are the first steps towards building a sustainable and peaceful future in our world - and we all have a place at the helm, together.

Peace, love, and happiness! Thank you for reading! The End!

This may be the end of my postable Supercross08 stories, but more adventures are to come. I'm going to continue to use this blog while I'm in grad school. I'll be in Costa Rica for one year at the United Nations Mandated University for Peace studying Natural Resources and Peace! But of course, outside of study time I'll be exploring Costa Rica and neighboring countries. I'm sure something will happen that's worth a story or two. I'm flying down on the 8th of August - so check back sometime when you're bored and maybe there'll be something to read!

It's a Library in Mongolia! Don't Forget to Pack a Raincoat!

For a final project, to complete the Supercross08 journey, I was to meet with The Lotus Children's Centre to learn about their organization. However, the directions I was given to meet with them, took me to an abandoned building, decorated with a 'Lotus Children's Centre' sign.

I got off the bus and it was pouring rain! It wasn't so cold and the directions I had said the building was close. So I just went for it - there wasn't really any shelter anywhere anyway. I ended up soaking wet by the time I found the abandoned "Lotus Center". I found a way around the locked gates to the property but had no luck banging on the doors of the building. OK, it was obvious that it was abandoned, but by heck, someone was expecting me - I had good email contact with them. Surely there would be someone there! Not soon after I started pounding on one of the doors, an old man emerged halfway from his yurt, behind the school, and yelled something at me. I walked over to him and asked him if he knew were Ben Rodgers was, but he didn't understand anything. I told him I was looking for 'Lotus' and pointed to the building. He motioned to me, "No." His growling dogs were getting closer so I thought I'd make a strategic exit. I left, frustrated, while his dogs followed me to the gate, barking their mad heads off! I asked a few more people in the community about 'Lotus', pointing to the building and got the same response every time, 'No. No one home.'Dripping and pissed, I made my way back to the bus stop. However, all was not lost! My host, Begzsuren, happens to be working at the Ulaanbaatar Public Library on a major project at the moment.

Begs, head of the department for information processing as well as library automation and computerization, is working on a project for the library to make it the first of it's kind in all of Mongolia. The project is to open the public library to the public! Sounds simple. Traditionally, the way the library worked was you walked up to the counter and asked the librarian for a particular book. The librarian disappeared and, if you were lucky, they returned with that book for you to check out. Not anymore.

What Begs is creating, is a more Western style library with loads of books on shelves for the public to peruse through and check out if they like. The Ulaanbaatar Public Library's slogan is "Knowledge Bank" and beyond cataloging some 80,000 books to be shelved and accessible to the public by September 1st, Begs is also trying to create an atmosphere of interest in libraries."Can you imagine," he inquired, "if a radio interviewer asked, 'Where do you read books?' Maybe no citizen answers, 'In the library.' I want to change this." And so it was that we had a brainstorming session to create public participation in the local library.

Begs has been to quite a few countries on library training programs, including the United States, where he learned different methods and designs of public libraries. He's carefully calculated what his library is capable of. Already he has designated two large rooms to be reading rooms, one separated room to be a children's reading room, and another smaller room for family reading. But still, that doesn't necessarily mean that people will come to the library.He mentioned one technique that he picked up from an American library in which each month had a theme to it. In this technique, he could, for example, promote reading about the air quality in Mongolia. Not too bad of an idea, but there's not much incentive. I suggested an addition to his idea that mimicked my Environmental Discussion Group from Bulgaria. I suggested that he promote reading topics about air quality in Mongolia and then at the end of the month, invite some kind of professional to lead a discussion or make a presentation on the topic. Perhaps the governmental official in charge of the department of air quality or the environment would enjoy a chance to meet people and share some issues he finds important.

I also pitched the idea of having a weekly poetry reading, where different folks from the community could come, once a week, and read aloud the poems they've written. It would be a way to get the community more involved with the library. It would also inspire more citizens to become active members of their community. Begs liked the idea, but there are space issues. Unfortunately, they're not space issues that the likes of Captain Kirk can solve. Begs is more thinking that there isn't enough room for something like that. I tried to imply that a well designed schedule of the smaller rooms should rectify the concern over space - kids and family rooms during the afternoon, and one room set aside for an hour a week for poems! We'll see. With their September 1st opening date, and 80,000 books to categorize, events are likely to come a bit later.The last blockbuster I had to offer was to create a comfortable reading environment for potential readers. I remembered the concept from back home that Barnes and Noble uses in cahoots with Starbucks to get folks to come in and read. I explained that maybe a cafe, offering tea, coffee, water, or juice, would be an ideal environment to invite folks from the community to come in and read!

Begs remembered that he had seen a cafeteria in the U.S. and pondered the thought a while. I think he liked the idea, but again, there's lots of work to do at the moment. And that's the thing about development - it goes in steps. Just like the traditional Mongolian games he's been teaching me, Begs has the first few steps of the opening of this library well planned out and mastered!

There are three people I've met in my life that truly inspire me to be better than I think I can be, and Begs is one of these people. I know he'll succeed, because that's what he does. If not on the first time, he'll learn from each step and eventually conquer the mountain of development.

It's a Holiday in Mongolia! It's Tough, Kid, but It's Life!

Couchsurfing in Mongolia proved to be quite difficult. There aren't a whole lot of participants in this area so I gambled and sent requests out to people with no references or information or anything!

My first hosts lived in a nicer house than I'll ever own, but I didn't stay with them long after they put me to work as a consultant for their blossoming tourism business. They did, however, put me in touch with my next host who wasn't even a Couchsufing participant until he met me.

Begzsuren, or Begs for short, is a software engineer working at the Ulaanbaatar Public Library. We chatted for a bit and after having cleared his decision with his wife, Mungunsoyombo, he agreed to take me in for a couple nights.

Begs, 32, and his wife, 31, have a gorgeous family consisting of one son named Tuguldur, 9, and three daughters, Manujin (her name means "our daughter"), 6, Gaadmaa (her name means "clever or smiley woman"), 3, and Mungulun, 1. The youngest child's name translates to something of an implication. It implies that she will bring the family money. And consistent with Mongolian law, that's just what another child does.

In Mongolia, at the moment, the government is giving aid to families with children under 16 and also inspiring population growth in a country the size of Alaska, but with a population of less than three million. Each month, the government gives approximately $3 per child, and each quarter, they give approximately $25 per child. This means that Begs' family of six pulls in around $550 in a year from the government for having four kids. This is a huge help considering that the average salary here is about $1500. Financial bonuses from the government are not so unheard of here.

Just before my arrival, a riot broke out over election fraud and caused a 4-day state of emergency. The "winning" party's headquarters were burned, 5 people were killed, and more than 200 were injured. Mongolia has a history similar to that of Bulgaria, occupation (instead of Turkish, it was Manchurian - Chinese), communism (good old Russia, spreading the love), and a young government still trying to figure out what democracy is. Corruption seems to fill the description of democracy at the moment. The recent discoveries of large deposits of copper, gold, and coal bring hopes of some wealth potential for the country, but the fear of loss due to politicians makes the community uneasy. The political game here makes me laugh as it's described to me. What's the difference between the parties? Begs explained that democratic party is offering every citizen approximately $1000 if elected, and the socialist party is offering $1500. The socialist party won.

This situation frustrates me, as I've spent so much time and effort working and volunteering in the development field for the last few years. These types of politics completely unravel the types of things I, and other development folks do. I'm still stuck on the opinion that a mentality change is the first step, and best way to initiate positive community development. Get people to see the future a bit and teach them to take some responsibility for their impact on society. But motivation for progress goes out the window faster than a cigarette butt in these ex-communist societies where corrupt politicians seem to be re-elected time and again.

As frustrating as it is for me, it seems like it's barely background noise to the people I'm staying with. This beautiful family of six lives in a small home on a hillside, on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar. Their home was built by Begs and his brother a couple summers ago and is in the area of about 200 square feet, though there are plans for a small expansion later this summer. Their yard is too rocky to grow anything other than grass, but that suits Begs' cows just fine. Intermitently thoughout the yard are old tires in which Begs collects soil until there's enough to grow some vegetables. Their home has electricity, but no running water or any plumbing of any kind. Bent particle-boards line the ceiling and wooden planks make up the floor. There are two beds that the entire family of six shares, one double and one twin. It may sound like a tough way to live to the western ear, but these people find happiness very easily.My Mongolian hosts welcomed me with smiles and curiosity. The kids giggled and laughed when I made eye contact with them and they could barely stand it when I tried to tell them hello in their own language. The entire truth be told, though, the youngest daughter cried when I entered their home. I scared her. I don't think the kids have ever seen a foreigner before. Begs told me that when someone arrives and brings rain with them, they're good luck! I told him I must be super lucky then, because I could see a storm moving in from the mountains. About an hour later I saw a lightning bolt strike something across the valley and ignite a fire that burned for a good long while. Shortly after that we lost electricity and spent the night playing traditional Mongolian games by candlelight.On the long winter nights, Begs explained, they entertain themselves with simple and complex games designed to pass the time and develop the mind. There were several puzzles of rings and rods that you had to unlock and lock and such - but to tell the truth, I was too tired to understand them. However, before those were introduced, he showed me some games that utilize a bone found in the knee of the hind legs of sheep. My two favorite games were called, "Flicking Bones" and "Bone Guessing"! I played with the kids, but lost pretty much every time. It was lots of fun, and the kids loved me! I like to think that was because of my winning smile and heartwarming laugh... But it may have had something to do with the fact that I brought them some candy.For the last few months, I've been lugging around a big pack of my favorite kind of licorice in hope of meeting someone that would appreciate it more than I! With the smiles I was seeing, I considered my hope easily accomplished! Begs taught his family the English words, "Thank you!" as he's the only English speaker, and they took turns trying to pronounce it for me. That was good for a laugh for everyone. A while later, we all washed our feet before crawling into bed. They laid some blankets on the floor for me, and then marveled in disbelief that I insisted on using my sleeping bag. They laughed at me, as they'd never seen anyone sleep in one before and were certain I would freeze to death at night! I didn't. And I was up around 5 AM to help go get drinking water. About a kilometer away is the nearest source of water for them so every now and again they have to make trips with a 50 gallon barrel to resupply.Parting for my day in the city I asked how to say, "Have a nice day!" Begs told me that that phrase doesn't exist in Mongolian so I repeated what he says on his way out to work, "Obey your mother!"

From Россия with Love!

One of the problems Tim and I encountered when searching for partner organizations, is that nothing seemed to exist in Russia. Perhaps this was due to the control and power that the Russian government enjoys over it's people? We figured that allowing a non-governmental organization probably wasn't in the cards for this country. But since Russia was on our route, and we wanted to incorporate it into our project, we were struck with a problem - How do we remain consistent to our project goals and gain insights into Russians' perspective on the world?

My whole Russian Visa Fiasco started in April when I first applied for a visa at the Russian Embassy in Moldova. Failure sent me to Ukraine, Finland, and finally to Estonia where I was able to acquire a visa! However, success didn't feel as it should have being that my 30 day visa had turned into 9 days, and my seven city itinerary had turned into two.

Despite my disappointment in the length of the Russian leg of my trip, I could not stop smiling while going through the airport song-and-dance to get to my first Siberian city, Novosibirsk.

I got to the airport in Riga, Latvia four hours early expecting problems. Just as my brilliant mind had prepared me, so I received my problems. I wasn't in the computer for the flight. I complained that I had done everything online and that there were no paper tickets, it was all electrical. I even showed her all the numbers I had written down from the confirmation email I received. "Those are billing numbers, not flight reservation numbers," she politely informed me. I had to hold in my thought of, 'Well, what the hell do you think I paid for?' Soon enough, however, she managed to locate someone on the phone who could verify that indeed I did pay for a ticket. Thanks! I arrived to Moscow at 10 pm and had four hours to find my connecting flight. Turns out, I needed all four hours.

Sitting in the Sheremetyevo airport, I stared at the flight information screen, dumbfounded at not being able to find my connection. After some time, I managed to find an information booth that still had a worker inside. She informed me that I was at the wrong terminal and that I'd have to take a bus to number 2. OK. Standing at the bus stop, I couldn't help but notice that no buses were coming. Hmmm. In super rough Russian I asked a gal standing near me if she new when the bus came. "Very rarely." she responded. Super. I went back inside and located a different information booth and asked again about my connecting flight. Banking on good old Russian inconsistency, I was rewarded with shuttle transfer information! In less than an hour, I was at terminal 2, standing in another security line.

I had forgotten to pour out my water when I got up to the x-ray machine and figured that security would simply confiscate it when I got there. Nope. My one liter water bottle was 2/3 full and the lady behind the x-ray let it slide! She said something to me, but upon seeing my patented smile-of-confusion that I gave her, she just turned to her colleague, shrugged and laughed. So I continued on to the gate.

I stood in a small room with a bunch of other people waiting for the shuttle to take us to the plane. I could see three no-smoking signs from where I stood. I could also see six people huddled around a trash can just beneath one of the signs - all of them smoking. The ticket guy walked through and said what I thought to be, "Hey, dumbasses, can't you see the signs? They say 'No Smoking!'" But perhaps he said something more to the affect of, "Hello." because the six smokers just looked up at him and then continued smoking.

After my lengthy night flight and quite a few time zones later, I found myself in Novosibirsk - the capital of Siberia and the center of Russia! I chose Novosibirsk as one of my two Russian cities because it's the hub for science in Russia. I had big dreams of setting up a discussion group with some science students or scientists to talk about the history of Russia's contributions to science. My host's brother was a PhD in physics. Her other brother, and her father were PhDs in Chemistry. My host was a fantastic gal that studied marketing, and she showed me a very unique side of Russia.

First on our agenda was a cat show. Not super scientific, but interesting in a certain light. Judges from all over Russia and one from Germany scored the cats of wacky cat-owners. I've never seen so much stress in a room over whether or not you could shake the brains out of a cat and have it not hiss or swipe at you. Pet-people are strange. Next up, was a cosmetics show.Just as bizarre as the cat show, the cosmetics show was something I've never experienced. I was one of only three guys in the crowd, which to me was cool but seeing their faces I could tell they didn't share my opinion. The show was marketed as an instructional deal that my host's friend scored tickets to. But it ended up being a big sales pitch with mild entertainment and lunch. At least the lunch was nice.

I spent my last remaining time in Novosibirsk with my host and her friends at the city's 115th birthday celebration! It was a wild event! Streets were closed down and stages were erected all over the center. On the stages were different kinds of performances - youth dance teams that competed against each other, orchestras and opera singers, as well as some pop stars singing their silly pop music! It was a high energy day that not even the rain could spoil. The dance team competitions were my favorite. Different styles of Russian dance, traditional and modern, done with such enthusiasm and grace! I could have watched them forever!

My host took me to the train station for my departure from Novosibirsk. I took a leg of the Trans Siberian Railway that lasted 32.5 hours! Upon finding my place on the train, I discovered that two people were sitting in it. This was because their beds were above mine and mine was the communal area. So I got to share!

I really didn't know how anything worked, but before long the people near my place were all engaged in conversation with me. No one, of course, spoke English. We relied on my Bulgarian skills, which were taxed to the max! I felt like I was speaking like a beginner all over again - But I guess that's because I was. I was a beginning Russian speaker!We managed to chat about all kinds of things - what I was doing there, politics, food, jokes, vodka, etc. The food thing was fun - All through Russia I was asked about cheeseburgers in America. "Is that why all Americans are fat?" and "Do you normally eat cheeseburgers for breakfast?" were common questions I received. I guess they're as blind as my question of, "Will someone please drink vodka with me?" I didn't get one single chance to try Russian vodka with Russians. I couldn't even find anyone that drank it. Sure there were stories... But no one wanted to drink with me. As the 32.5 hours of time progressed, I became "Andrewsha" to my new friends. The 'sha' ending on the name is a cute way of talking to your friends.

I arrived in Irkutsk late at night and had problems finding my host, but eventually I managed. My time in Irkutsk was largely not worth writing about, except for another festival that I happened upon. I'm lucky that way.

The Boyatski Festival celebrated the Asian tribes/people of Russia. They did all kinds of performances and blew my mind with what they could get their bodies to do! My favorite was the three person jump-rope! Dang!Finally, my visa was set to expire so I jumped on another train bound for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It lasted 34 hours, but my time was easily spent conversing with a young couple on their honeymoon. He was from Australia and she was from Ireland. They'd been living in England and were taking a few months to travel to Australia. We shared travel stories and laughs - and finally, a bottle of vodka!

I had come to Russia with only a few days to find a project. I had hoped for a discussion group about science as a means to enter the mentality here and gain a new perspective. As I sat on the train with my new friends, telling them all about my Russian experience, I realized that my visa issues, festivals, shows, hosts, and adventures spoke loads about Russia itself. I smiled at the thought of being able to learn so much from a country in such a little amount of time. And with that I mentally prepared myself for my final destination - Mongolia!

A Mongolian police officer joined us in our cabin for the border crossing. He had been a participant in the Boyatski Festival in Irkutsk. As we crossed, Mongolian customs officials boarded the train, collected our passports, opened our bags, and searched the cabin. Our new buddy, grabbed our half-finished bottle of vodka from under some blankets where we hid it. I thought he was going to rat us out! I was pissed! But before I knew it, he was bribing the head customs officer with our vodka! He poured a big glass for him and the officer sat down with us. Hell if I was gonna let him drink all our vodka so I grabbed the mug and took some down between his sips! Ha! It was the wildest thing, ever! And our cabin mate did the same thing with the next official that came in, too!

Our vodka disappeared quickly, but I didn't complain because how often do you get a chance to drink with border officials?! We figure our buddy was bribing the officials because he was transporting weapons from the festival and didn't want to have to explain them. It worked. If you can't drink vodka with Russians, by heck, you certainly can with Mongolian border officials! Mongolia ought to be an interesting place.